마틴 루터 킹과 말콤 엑스 관계연구

목차

I. 여는 말

II. 대조적인 이미지: 실체와 허구

III. `새로운 말콤`, `새로운 마틴`

IV. 닫는 말

본문내용

보인 마틴의 변화에 주목하고, 그가 결코 백인들의 '톰 아저씨'가 아니었음을 인식하여야 하며, 흑인으로서의 정체성을 대변하며 언제나 "나쁜 니거"의 역할을 부여받았던 말콤의 공적 또한 생각해 보아야 할 때이다. 마지막으로 두 사람이 좀 더 오래 살고 함께 흑인 문제에 대하여 진지하게 논의할 수 있었더라면 흑인들의 자유를 향한 투쟁이 보다 큰 결실을 맺을 수 있었을 것이라는 아쉬움을 남기며 이 글을 맺고자 한다.
Martin Luther King, Jr. & Malcom X:
Two Souls of an African-American
Haesung Hwang
Martin Luther King and Malcom X were great African-American leaders who had fought against racism during 1950s and 60s. However, they have been regarded as incompatible black leaders, having very contrasting popular images: Martin is a "safe integrationist," and Malcom is a "dangerous black nationalist." If we only take into consideration of their family background, education and religion, it seems to be pretty understandable to conceive them as incompatible black leaders. Moreover, the media at that time had also played a great role in developing such stereotyped popular images of both men.
However, a close scrutiny over two men's life, thoughts, and racial policies reveals that they had undergone tremendous changes in their attitude toward whites and racism in the later days of their lives. After breaking with Elijah Muhammad, Malcom wanted to be a participant in the civil right movement so he could expand it beyond the idea of civil rights to human rights. He moved toward Martin's racial stance. Martin also began to realize the limits of his non-violent method after Watt riot. He observed the nightmare of the northern ghetto blacks. He, then, moved to Chicago, and launched a fight against racism and poverty in urban ghettoes. He criticized American government that had spent enormous amount of money in Vietnam War, neglecting domestic problems of poverty and racism in radical tone. He even suggested a democratic socialism as an alternative. Now a so-called "new Martin" who were no more a liberal reformer emerged.
In spite of such transformation in their later lives, the studies on the two men so far have only put emphasis on the contrasting images, focusing only on their earlier stance of racial policies. Popular images also seldom acknowledge their movement toward each other and their break with earlier held convictions about America and racism: they always contrasted "dangerous" Malcom with nonviolent, thus "safe" Martin.
Therefore, this study aims at to reevaluate Martin and Malcom with broader perspectives on their lives. In this efforts this paper first analyzes the reasons why they had been categorized in the dichotomy of 'good and safe integrationist' and 'bad and dangerous nationalist.' Then, it explores the "new Martin," and "new Malcom," reaching to the conclusion that Martin and Malcom were complementing each other and correcting each other. In a word, they needed each other, for they represented the two souls of an African-American: One is American and the other is African.
*주제어(Keywords): 미국흑인(African Americans), 마틴 루터 킹(Martin Luther King, Jr.), 말콤 엑스(Malcom X), 흑인민족주의(Black Nationalism), 민권운동(Civil Rights Movement)

키워드

마틴루터킹,   말콤