사회상태, 사회적 정보, 사회조사 ― 영국, 1780-1914 ―

목차

Ⅰ. 머리말

Ⅱ. 1780년대-1870년대: 산업화와 사회조사

Ⅲ. 1870년대-1914년: 사회복지와 사회조사

Ⅳ. 맺음말

본문내용

greatly heightened the interest in gathering and analyzing data on a variety of key social issues like population growth, urban concentration, sanitation, housing, poverty and unemployment. Consequently, social research proliferated on an unprecedented level as an attempt to produce the information base with which to formulate viable responses to these social problems.
The various types of social investigation could broadly be grouped into two. First, there were inquiries led and done by the state. These comprised royal commissions, parliamentary select committees, and a wide range of data-gathering activities by governmental departments including the decennial census launched in 1801. Select committes were formed in great numbers from the 1780s, but soon revealed serious limitations. They could not take advantage of outside expertise since membership was confined to MPs, and their duration was severely curtailed by the annual parliamentary session that usually spanned only a few months in the nineteenth century. By the early nineteenth century royal commissions had become a more flexible and useful institution of social investigation. In the later nineteenth century royal commissions in turn were superseded by the innumerable inquiring projects of governmental departments as the major form of social inquiry.
The second group consisted of investigative activities performed not only by individuals like James Kay-Shuttlesworth, F. Engels, Henry Mayhew, Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree, but by non-governmental organizations such as the statistical societies of the 1830s-1840s, the Social Science Association, and the Charity Organization Society. One point needs to be made about the distinction between the two categories of social investigation. The line between the two often became blurred as individual experts were involved in state-led inquires, and as private organizations maintained close ties with the government. This tendency became stronger as the nineteenth century progressed.
A few conclusions can be drawn about the characteristics of social research performed by these diverse individuals and organizations. Firstly, the burgeoning of social investigation greatly expanded the 'public sphere' of civil society as it stimulated and widened the scope of public debate on a variety of urgent social issues. Secondly, most, if not all, inquiries were concerned not so much with identifying fundamental causes or structural problems as with finding out secondary causes or simply collecting data for their own sake. "Empiricism permeated the environment of collective puzzlement." Related to this, thirdly, most social researches were content to support or stay within the dominant ideological frameworks ― the political economy of laissez-faire in the mid-nineteenth century and the New Liberalism of social welfare in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The cases of Engels or Mayhew were meaningful, but largely uninfluential, exceptions.

키워드

사회상태,   정보,   조사,   영국